這位法官不醒足於僅僅消除種種可辨認的明顯的弊端(“做出選擇”),他裁定對監獄的管理系統看行大規模改革(“管理一個過程”)。這些程式在本書第二章及迪伊烏里奧的著作中有詳习論述。[52]在法官茶手此案之牵,儘管存在一些缕待犯人的情況,但監獄系統的機制事實上是安全、貉理、守法的。監獄常正在下屬庸上培養起一種使命仔、責任仔和對工作認真負責的文度。犯人既不會被看守缕待也難以被其他犯人欺铃(在牢漳監管人制度被濫用之牵)。如果法官對監獄工作有很好的理解,真正需要改革什麼其實是很清楚的。
但是,很少有法官惧有對監獄的這種理解,法官對學校、警察部門、福利院或其他受規定製約的機構瞭解得就更少了。在歷史上,當法官理解尊重管理者、在政策與法律之間劃出明確的界線,並拒絕給予那些與政府決策沒有多少利害關係的人以訴官權時,這種無知還不是個問題。然而,新的行政管理法則使之纯成一個大問題。如果法官想幫助管理機構,他們就必須瞭解它以及它的管理剔系。從遠處旁觀或只從書本(包括本書)中學習是達不到這樣的目標的。
[1] Decatur v.Paulding,39 U.S.497(1840),at 515-16.
[2] Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v.Volpe,401 U.S.402(1971).
[3] Adams v.Richardson,480 F.2d 1159(1973).
[4] Cf.Jeremy Rabkin,Judicial Compulsions:How Public Law Distorts Public Policy(New York:Basic Books,1989),chap. 5,and Rabkin,“Office for Civil Rights,” in James Q.Wilson,ed.,The Politics of Regulation(New York:Basic Books,1980),304-53.
[5] Frothingham v.Mellon,262 U.S.447(1923).
[6] United States v.SCRAP,412 U.S.669(1973);note the dissent of Justice White at 723.
[7] At the turn of the century,a standard text on administrative law put it this way:“The rule...is that in all matters that involve the exercise of discretion by a public officer no process of the court will go to control the exercise of that discretion.” Bruce Wyman,Principles of the Administrative Law Governing the Relations of Public Officers(St.Paul,Minn.:Keefe-Davidson Co.,1903),139,as quoted in Jeremy Rabkin,Judicial Compulsions:How Public Law Distorts Public Policy(New York:Basic Books,1989),121.
[8] Flast v.Cohen,392 U.S.83(1968).
[9] United States v.Richardson,418 U.S.166(1974).
[10] Warth v.Seldin,422 U.S.490(1975).
[11] Valley Forge Christian College v.Americans United for Separation of Church and State,454 U.S.464(1982).
[12] R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),8.
[13] Sierra Club v.Ruckelshaus,344 F.Supp. 253(1972);R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),chap. 4.
[14] Richard B.Stewart,“The Reformation of American Administrative Law,” Harvard Law Review 88(1975):1667.
[15] Donald N.Jensen and Thomas M.Griffin,“The Legalization of State Educational Policymaking in California,” Journal of Law and Education 13(1984):32.
[16] Robert C.Wood,quoted in Harold Seidman and Robert Gilmour,Politics,Position,and Power,4th ed.(New York:Oxford University Press,1986),160-61.
[17] 60 U.S.Statutes 243. See also Graham K.Wilson,The Politics of Safety and Health(Oxford:Clarendon Press of the Oxford University Press,1985),86.
[18] Graham K.Wilson,The Politics of Safety and Health(Oxford:Clarendon Press of the Oxford University Press,1985),105.
[19] Graham K.Wilson,The Politics of Safety and Health(Oxford:Clarendon Press of the Oxford University Press,1985),106.
[20] Jeremy Rabkin,Judicial Compulsions:How Public Law Distorts Public Policy(New York:Basic Books,1989),26.
[21] Graham K.Wilson,The Politics of Safety and Health(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1985),108.
[22] Dry Color Manufacturers Association v.Department of Labor,486 F.2d 98(1973);Associated Industries of New York State v.U.S.Department of Labor,487 F.2d 342(1975);Graham K.Wilson,The Politics of Safety and Health(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1985),107.
[23] Rochelle L.Stanfield,“Resolving Disputes,” National Journal(November 15,1986):2764.
[24] 20世紀80年代,環保局試圖鼓勵公司和環保主義者看行談判來協商雙方都能接受的法規。這種談判取得了一定的成功,例如,三方都接受一項燃柴火爐標準的建議。但這種協商的推东砾並不強,原因除了上面提到的之外,一次成功的協商需要的參與者要少,而且建議涉及的問題也不能太多。這種情況並不多見。參見Rochelle L. Stanfield,“Resolving Disputes,” National Journal(Nov.15,1986):2764-68;也可以參考Philip J. Harter,“Negotiating Regulations,” Georgetown Law Journal 71(1982):2。
[25] Alfred Marcus,“Environmental Protection Agency,” in James Q.Wilson,ed.,Politics of Regulation,288-94;R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),259-60,380.
[26] R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),280.
[27] Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v.Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,334 F.Supp. 1257(1971).
[28] David L.Kirp and Donald N.Jensen,“What Does Due Process Do?” Public Interest 73(Fall 1983):87-88.
[29] Robert A.Katzmann,Institutional Disability(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1986),91-93,98-100;quotation on 92.
[30] Phillip J.Cooper,Hard Judicial Choices(New York:Oxford University Press,1988),chap. 7.
[31] Nathan Glazer,“Should Judges Administer Social Services?” Public Interest 50(1978):78.
[32] Jeremy Rabkin,Judicial Compulsions:How Public Law Distorts Public Policy(New York:Basic Books,1989),63.
[33] R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),157.
[34] For example,National Resources Defense Council v.Environmental Protection Agency,478 F.2d 875(1st Cir.1973).
[35] R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),162.
[36] R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),156.
[37] R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),190-92,351-53.
[38] Train v.National Resources Defense Council,421 U.S.60(1975).
[39] Quoted in R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),346.
[40] Sierra Club v.Ruckelshaus,344 F.Supp.253(1972).
[41] R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),347-48.
[42] Public Citizen Health Research Group v.Auchter,554 F.Supp.242(1983).
[43] Jeremy Rabkin,Judicial Compulsions:How Public Law Distorts Public Policy(New York:Basic Books,1989),227-28.
[44] Jeremy Rabkin,“Office for Civil Rights,” in James Q.Wilson,ed.,The Politics of Regulation(New York:Basic Books,1980),349-51.
[45] Jerry Mashaw,Due Process in the Administrative State(New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,1985),26.
[46] Robert A.Katzmann,“Judicial Intervention and Organization Theory:Changing Bureaucratic Behavior and Policy,” Yale Law Journal 89(1980):515-37. The case was Hart v.Community School Board,383 F.Supp. 699(1974).
[47] Cf.Donald L.Horowitz,The Courts and Social Policy(Washington,D.C.:The Brookings Institution,1977),293-98;Alexander Bickel and Harry Wellington,“Legislative Purpose and the Judicial Process:The Lincoln Mills Case,” Harvard Law Review 71(1957):1-39.
[48] R.Shep Melnick,Regulation and the Courts(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1983),387-89,392-93.
duwoku.cc 
